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After we speak about reminiscences in biology, we are inclined to concentrate on the mind and the storage of knowledge in neurons. However there are many different reminiscences that persist inside our cells. Cells keep in mind their developmental historical past, whether or not they’ve been uncovered to pathogens, and so forth. And that raises a query that has been difficult to reply: How does one thing as elementary as a cell maintain on to data throughout a number of divisions?
There is not any one reply, and the small print are actually tough to work out in lots of circumstances. However scientists have now labored out one reminiscence system intimately. Cells are in a position to keep in mind when their dad or mum had a tough time dividing—an issue that is usually related to DNA harm and most cancers. And, if the issues are substantial sufficient, the 2 cells that consequence from a division will cease dividing themselves.
Setting a timer
In multicellular organisms, cell division could be very fastidiously regulated. Uncontrolled division is the hallmark of cancers. However issues with the person segments of division—issues like copying DNA, repairing any harm, ensuring every daughter cell will get the proper variety of chromosomes—can result in mutations. So, the cell division course of consists of a lot of checkpoints the place the cell makes certain every thing has labored correctly.
But when a cell makes it by all of the checkpoints, it is presumably all good, proper? Not completely, because it seems.
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Mitosis is the portion of cell division the place the duplicated chromosomes get separated out to every of the daughter cells. Spending quite a lot of time in mitosis can imply that the chromosomes have picked up harm, which can trigger issues sooner or later. And prior analysis discovered that some cells derived from the retina will register when mitosis takes too lengthy, and the daughter cells will cease dividing.
The brand new work, achieved by a staff of researchers in Okinawa, Japan, and San Diego, began by exhibiting that this habits wasn’t restricted to retinal cells—it appears to be a normal response to a gradual mitosis. Cautious timing experiments confirmed that the longer cells spent attempting to endure mitosis, the extra possible the daughter cells can be to cease dividing. The researchers time period this method a “mitotic stopwatch.”
So, how does a cell function a stopwatch? It isn’t like it could possibly ask Siri to set a timer—it is largely caught working with nucleic acids and proteins.
It seems that, like many issues relayed to cell division, the reply comes right down to a protein named p53. It is a protein that is key to many pathways that detect harm to cells and cease them from dividing if there are issues. (You could recollect it from our latest protection of the event of elephant stem cells.)
A stopwatch product of proteins
The researchers discovered that, whereas mitosis was happening, p53 began exhibiting up in a posh with two different proteins (ubiquitin-specific protease 28 and the creatively named p53-binding protein 1). In the event you made mutations in one of many proteins that blocked this complicated from forming, the mitotic stopwatch stopped ticking. This three-protein complicated solely began constructing as much as vital ranges if mitosis took longer than traditional, and it remained steady as soon as it shaped in order that it might get handed on to the daughter cells as soon as cell division was accomplished.
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So, why does this complicated type solely when mitosis takes longer than traditional? The important thing turned out to be a protein referred to as a kinase, which attaches a phosphate to different proteins. The researchers screened chemical compounds that inhibit particular kinases which can be energetic throughout mitosis and DNA restore, and located a particular one which was wanted for the mitotic stopwatch. Within the absence of this kinase (PLK1, for the curious), the three-protein complicated would not type.
So, the researchers assume that the stopwatch seems to be like this: throughout mitosis, the kinase slowly attaches a phosphate to one of many proteins, permitting it to type the three-protein complicated. If mitosis will get achieved shortly sufficient, the degrees of this complicated do not get very excessive, and it has no impact on the cell. But when mitosis goes extra slowly, then the complicated begins build up, and it is steady sufficient that it is nonetheless round in each daughter cells. The existence of the complicated helps stabilize the p53 protein, permitting it to cease future cell divisions as soon as it is current at excessive sufficient ranges.
In line with this concept, all three of the proteins within the complicated are tumor suppressors, that means that mutations in them make tumor formation extra possible. The researchers confirmed that the mitotic stopwatch was ceaselessly faulty in tumor samples.
So, that is how particular person cells handle to retailer one in all their reminiscences—the reminiscence of issues with cell division. The mitotic stopwatch, nevertheless, is simply one of many reminiscence storage programs, with utterly separate programs dealing with completely different reminiscences. And, on the identical time that is occurring, a lot of different pathways additionally feed into the exercise of p53. So, whereas the mitotic stopwatch might effectively deal with one particular kind of drawback, it is built-in into quite a lot of extra, complicated programs working within the cell.
Science, 2024. DOI: 10.1126/science.add9528 (About DOIs).
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